A directional coupler is a microwave component whose primary function is to couple (split) a portion of the transmitted microwave power in a certain direction. It typically has a main line (the main transmission line) for transmitting the main signal, and one or more coupling lines (or ports) for extracting or injecting a portion of the signal power. This coupling is directional, meaning that power is coupled in a specific direction while being suppressed in other directions.
Directional couplers have many applications in microwave circuits and systems, such as power monitoring, signal source isolation, transmission and reflection measurements, etc. They can also be used for signal distribution, combination, or mixing, and to implement various functions in signal processing systems.
Directional couplers can be implemented using various microwave transmission lines such as coaxial lines, waveguides, stripline, or microstrip. Their design and manufacture require consideration of various factors, including operating frequency, power capacity, coupling degree requirements, and size and weight limitations.
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